General layout
- Word (.docx) or PDF file, A4 or US Letter page size
- 12-point font, 1.5 line spacing, numbered pages
- British or American spelling, used consistently
Structure
Use no more than three levels of headings, clearly distinguished. Research articles normally include an introduction, the body of the argument with any methods and evidence, and a conclusion.
Tables and figures
Number tables and figures in order, give each a short title and a source line, and refer to each one in the text. Embed them in the manuscript where they belong. Please make sure that you have permission to reproduce any material you did not create.
Notes and references
The journal uses the Chicago Manual of Style (author-date) for in-text citations and the reference list. Keep footnotes to a minimum and use them for comments rather than citations. Every work cited in the text should appear in the reference list, and vice versa. Give DOIs where they exist.
Numbers and dates
Spell out numbers from one to nine and use figures for 10 and above, except for percentages, measurements and data. Write dates as 4 October 2026.