Research · Reference
Policy glossary
The laws, agreements, institutions and places that come up again and again in relations between the United States and Pakistan, each explained in a short, neutral, sourced entry.
65 entries, A to Z
A
Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement
trade. Also APTTA. An agreement signed in 2010 and in force from June 2011 that governs the movement of Afghan goods through Pakistani ports and roads and gives Pakistani traders transit through Afghanistan towards Central Asia. It replaced a 1965 transit agreement; US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton attended the signing of its framework in July 2010. Its implementation, extensions and border closures are recurring issues between Kabul and Islamabad.Authorization for Use of Military Force
law & sanctions. Also AUMF, 2001 AUMF. The joint resolution (Public Law 107-40) passed by Congress on 14 September 2001 and signed on 18 September, authorising the President to use “all necessary and appropriate force” against those he determines planned, authorised, committed or aided the 11 September attacks, or harboured them. It underpinned the war in Afghanistan and later US counterterrorism operations against al-Qaeda and associated forces in several countries.B
Brown Amendment
law & sanctions. A 1995 amendment sponsored by Senator Hank Brown that eased the Pressler Amendment’s restrictions on Pakistan. It allowed a one-time release of about $368 million of military equipment that Pakistan had bought before October 1990, while still barring delivery of the 28 F-16 aircraft it had ordered, and limited the Pressler restrictions to military assistance so that economic aid could resume.C
CASA-1000
energy & resources. Also Central Asia–South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project. A World Bank-backed project, approved in 2014, to build transmission lines and converter stations that would carry up to 1,300 megawatts of surplus summer hydropower from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan through Afghanistan to Pakistan, with a converter station at Peshawar. The four countries oversee it through an intergovernmental council. Financing also comes from the Islamic Development Bank, the EBRD and the European Investment Bank, among others.Central Treaty Organization
security. Also CENTO, Baghdad Pact. A Cold War defence alliance formed in 1955 as the Baghdad Pact by Turkey, Iraq, the United Kingdom, Pakistan and Iran. The United States backed it and took part in its committees but never became a full member. After Iraq left in 1959 it was renamed the Central Treaty Organization, with its headquarters in Ankara. It never had a unified military command, and it was dissolved in 1979.Chashma Nuclear Power Complex
nuclear. Also Chashma. A group of nuclear power reactors at Chashma in Punjab, built with Chinese help and operated by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission under IAEA safeguards. China’s supply of further reactors after it joined the Nuclear Suppliers Group in 2004 raised questions among other members, since Pakistan is outside the NPT. A fifth, 1,200-megawatt unit is under construction; its safeguards agreement with the IAEA was signed in 2026.China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
trade. Also CPEC. A programme of Chinese-financed infrastructure, energy and industrial projects in Pakistan, launched with a memorandum of understanding signed in Beijing on 5 July 2013 and associated with China’s Belt and Road Initiative. It aims to link Kashgar in Xinjiang with Gwadar and Karachi through roads, railways, pipelines and power plants, and includes special economic zones. Pakistan’s Ministry of Planning coordinates it.circular debt
energy & resources. In Pakistan’s power sector, the build-up of unpaid bills along the electricity supply chain. Distribution companies, short of revenue because of losses, low bill collection and delayed government subsidies, cannot fully pay the Central Power Purchasing Agency, which in turn delays payments to power producers, who then owe fuel suppliers. Limiting its growth is a recurring commitment in Pakistan’s IMF programmes.Coalition Support Fund
aid & finance. Also Coalition Support Funds, CSF. A US Defense Department account, first funded by Congress in fiscal year 2002, that reimburses partner countries for logistical and military support of US-led operations. Pakistan was its largest recipient: reimbursements, mostly for its army’s operations near the Afghan border, made up nearly half of US transfers to Pakistan after 2001, about $10.7 billion by mid-2013. Later defence bills tied part of the money to action against the Haqqani network.Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
nuclear. Also CTBT. A treaty opened for signature in 1996 that bans all nuclear explosions. It enters into force only when all 44 states listed in its Annex 2, which had nuclear power or research reactors when it was negotiated, have ratified it. Pakistan and India are both Annex 2 states and have not signed it; the United States signed in 1996 but has not ratified.Corps Commanders’ Conference
institutions. Also Corps Commanders Conference, Corps Commanders. A regular meeting of the Pakistan Army’s senior leadership, chaired by the Chief of Army Staff at General Headquarters in Rawalpindi and attended by the commanders of the army’s corps and its principal staff officers. It reviews the security situation and professional matters. Its conclusions, published by Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), are read as statements of the army’s position on national security.D
Doha Agreement
diplomacy. Also Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan, US–Taliban agreement. The agreement signed in Doha on 29 February 2020 between the United States and the Taliban, which it names as an entity the United States does not recognise as a state. The United States committed to withdraw its forces and those of its allies from Afghanistan within 14 months; the Taliban committed to prevent Afghan soil being used to threaten the United States and its allies, and to enter negotiations with other Afghans.Durand Line
geography. The roughly 2,600-kilometre border between Afghanistan and Pakistan, named after Sir Mortimer Durand, the British Indian foreign secretary who agreed it with Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan in November 1893. Pakistan regards it as the international boundary it inherited in 1947; Afghan governments have not formally accepted it, arguing that it marked spheres of influence and divided Pashtun lands. Crossings such as Torkham sit on it.E
Eighteenth Amendment
institutions. Also 18th Amendment. The 2010 amendment to Pakistan’s Constitution, passed unanimously by Parliament and signed on 19 April 2010, which made about a hundred changes. It removed the President’s discretionary power to dissolve the National Assembly, abolished the Concurrent Legislative List so that subjects such as education, health and labour passed to the provinces, and protected the provinces’ share of revenue under National Finance Commission awards.end-use monitoring
security. Also Golden Sentry. Checks by the US government that defence articles and services it transfers are used, stored and secured as the transfer agreement requires and are not passed on without permission. For government-to-government transfers, the Defense Department’s Golden Sentry programme, managed by the Defense Security Cooperation Agency since 2001, carries this out under section 40A of the Arms Export Control Act, through compliance visits and checks.Extended Fund Facility
aid & finance. Also EFF. An IMF lending arrangement for countries with serious medium-term balance-of-payments problems rooted in structural weaknesses. Programmes usually run three years, up to four, with repayment over 4½ to 10 years, and money is released in tranches after reviews of agreed policy conditions. Pakistan’s current arrangement, a 37-month EFF of about $7 billion, was approved on 25 September 2024.F
FATF grey list
law & sanctions. Also grey list, gray list, jurisdictions under increased monitoring. The informal name for the Financial Action Task Force’s list of “jurisdictions under increased monitoring”: countries that have committed to fix strategic weaknesses in their measures against money laundering and terrorist financing under an agreed action plan. Pakistan was placed on it in June 2018 and removed in October 2022, after completing two action plans with 34 items in total.Federal Board of Revenue
institutions. Also FBR. Pakistan’s federal tax authority. It formulates and administers federal tax policy, collects income tax, sales tax, federal excise duty and customs duties, and decides tax and customs cases and appeals. It works through two main arms: Inland Revenue, for domestic taxes, and Pakistan Customs, for duties on imports and the enforcement of trade rules.Federally Administered Tribal Areas
geography. Also FATA. Seven tribal agencies and several smaller frontier regions along the Afghan border that, until 2018, were governed directly by Pakistan’s federal government under the colonial-era Frontier Crimes Regulations rather than through a province. The 25th Amendment to the Constitution, signed into law on 31 May 2018, merged them into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the Frontier Crimes Regulations were repealed.Foreign Military Financing
aid & finance. Also FMF. A US programme of grants and loans, authorised by the Arms Export Control Act of 1976, that helps partner governments buy American defence equipment, services and training. The State Department’s Bureau of Political-Military Affairs sets policy and allocations, and the Pentagon’s Defense Security Cooperation Agency carries out the purchases. Pakistan received FMF grants for much of the period after 2001.Foreign Terrorist Organization
law & sanctions. Also FTO. A designation made by the US Secretary of State under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act for a foreign organisation that engages in terrorism, or keeps the capability and intent to, and threatens US nationals or US national security. Congress is notified seven days before designation. It is a crime to knowingly provide a designated group with material support. Groups designated include the TTP and the Haqqani network.Fulbright Program
diplomacy. Also Fulbright, USEFP, United States Educational Foundation in Pakistan. The US government’s flagship academic-exchange programme, which in Pakistan has run since 1950 through the binational United States Educational Foundation in Pakistan (USEFP). It funds Pakistani students for master’s and doctoral degrees at US universities and brings American scholars to Pakistan. Since 2005 Pakistan has had the world’s largest Fulbright foreign-student programme by US government funding.G
Generalized System of Preferences
trade. Also GSP. A US trade programme, created by the Trade Act of 1974, that let thousands of products from designated developing countries enter the United States duty-free, subject to eligibility criteria such as respect for workers’ rights and protection of intellectual property. Pakistan was a beneficiary. The programme’s authorisation expired on 31 December 2020, and since then goods that qualified pay normal tariffs unless Congress renews it.Glenn Amendment
law & sanctions. Also Section 102(b) of the Arms Export Control Act. Section 102(b) of the Arms Export Control Act, commonly called the Glenn Amendment after Senator John Glenn, requires sanctions on any non-nuclear-weapon state, as defined by the NPT, that detonates a nuclear explosive device. They include ending most foreign and military assistance and opposing loans from international financial institutions. President Clinton applied them to India on 13 May 1998 and to Pakistan on 30 May 1998, after both countries’ nuclear tests; many were later eased or waived.ground lines of communication
security. Also GLOCs, NATO supply routes. The overland routes through Pakistan, from the port of Karachi to the Afghan border at Torkham and Chaman, that carried supplies for US and NATO forces in landlocked Afghanistan. Pakistan closed them for seven months after a NATO air attack killed 24 Pakistani soldiers at Salala in November 2011, and reopened them in July 2012 after the United States apologised for the losses.Gwadar
geography. Also Gwadar Port. A port town on Pakistan’s Arabian Sea coast in Balochistan, near the entrance to the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. Its deep-water port is owned by the Gwadar Port Authority, created in 2002, and operated by the Chinese state-owned China Overseas Port Holding Company. It is the southern end of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor.H
Haqqani network
security. Also Haqqani Network, HQN. An Afghan militant organisation founded by Jalaluddin Haqqani, a commander against Soviet forces in the 1980s, and later led by his son Sirajuddin. Allied with the Taliban, it was blamed by US officials for major attacks in Afghanistan, including on US forces, and was said to operate from Pakistan’s North Waziristan. The United States designated it a Foreign Terrorist Organization in September 2012.I
Indus Waters Treaty
diplomacy. A 1960 treaty between India and Pakistan, negotiated over nine years with the World Bank, which also signed it. It gives Pakistan the use of the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) and India the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej), with limited uses of the other’s rivers. A Permanent Indus Commission handles questions; differences go to a Neutral Expert and disputes to a Court of Arbitration.Inter-Services Intelligence
security. Also ISI. Pakistan’s principal intelligence agency, established in 1948 to coordinate intelligence among the army, navy and air force. Staffed largely by serving military officers and headed by an army lieutenant general, it handles external and internal intelligence and counterterrorism. In the 1980s it channelled US- and Saudi-funded support to Afghan mujahideen fighting Soviet forces, and its role in Afghanistan has been a recurring issue in US–Pakistan relations.International Military Education and Training
security. Also IMET. A US grant programme, funded through the State Department’s foreign-aid budget and run with the Defense Department, that pays for foreign military personnel to attend US professional military education and training. Pakistani officers have taken part since the early 1960s, apart from an interruption in the 1990s. Pakistan’s participation was suspended in 2018 with other security assistance and was approved to resume in late 2019.International Traffic in Arms Regulations
law & sanctions. Also ITAR. US regulations (22 CFR parts 120–130) that implement the Arms Export Control Act by controlling the export, temporary import and brokering of defence articles, defence services and technical data on the US Munitions List. They are administered by the State Department’s Directorate of Defense Trade Controls; manufacturers and exporters must register and generally need a licence. Government-to-government sales follow the separate Foreign Military Sales process.Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline
energy & resources. Also Peace Pipeline, IP gas pipeline. A planned pipeline to bring natural gas from Iran to Pakistan, agreed by the two governments in 2009–10. Construction of Pakistan’s section stalled, with Islamabad citing US sanctions on Iran. US officials said in 2013 and again in 2024 that the United States did not support the project and that it risked triggering sanctions. Pakistan has since sought to settle with Iran over ending the project.K
Kashmir dispute
geography. Also Jammu and Kashmir dispute. The territorial dispute over the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, whose ruler signed an instrument of accession to India in October 1947, an accession Pakistan disputes. India and Pakistan each claim the whole region. India administers Jammu, the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh; Pakistan administers Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan; China holds Aksai Chin. The dispute has led to wars and repeated crises.Kerry–Lugar–Berman Act
aid & finance. Also Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act, KLB. The Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act of 2009, named for Senators John Kerry and Richard Lugar and Representative Howard Berman, became law on 15 October 2009. It authorised $1.5 billion a year in non-military US assistance to Pakistan for fiscal years 2010 to 2014, for economic development, democratic institutions and public services, and attached conditions and reporting requirements to security assistance.L
Lahore Declaration
diplomacy. A declaration signed on 21 February 1999 by Prime Ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Nawaz Sharif during Vajpayee’s visit to Lahore, months after both countries’ nuclear tests. It committed them to intensify efforts to resolve all issues, including Jammu and Kashmir, and to reduce the risk of accidental or unauthorised use of nuclear weapons. An accompanying memorandum provided for advance notice of ballistic-missile tests.Leahy Law
law & sanctions. Also Leahy laws, Leahy vetting. Two US statutory provisions, one governing State Department and one Defense Department funds, named after Senator Patrick Leahy, that prohibit assistance to a unit of a foreign security force where there is credible information implicating that unit in a gross violation of human rights. The US government treats torture, extrajudicial killing, enforced disappearance and rape under color of law as such violations, and vets recipient units before providing assistance.Line of Control
geography. Also LoC. The military line dividing the parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir administered by India and by Pakistan. It grew out of the 1949 ceasefire line; under the 1972 Simla Agreement both countries undertook to respect the line resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971 “without prejudice to the recognized position of either side”. Neither treats it as an international boundary.M
Major non-NATO ally
security. Also MNNA, major non-NATO ally status. A status the US President can give a close partner that is not a NATO member, under section 517 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and the Arms Export Control Act. It brings privileges such as priority delivery of surplus defence materiel, loans of equipment and cooperative defence research, but no security commitment. President George W. Bush designated Pakistan on 16 June 2004.Millennium Challenge Corporation
aid & finance. Also MCC. An independent US foreign-aid agency, created in 2004, that makes large grants, called compacts, to low- and lower-middle-income countries chosen by its board. Selection uses an annual scorecard of 20-odd indicators on ruling justly, economic freedom and investing in people: a country must pass at least half, including “hard hurdles” on personal freedom and on corruption or accountability. A passing scorecard does not guarantee a compact.Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement
security. The agreement signed on 19 May 1954 under which the United States undertook to provide military equipment and training assistance to Pakistan’s armed forces, beginning the two countries’ Cold War security partnership. It followed Pakistan’s cooperation pact with Turkey earlier that year and preceded Pakistan joining SEATO later in 1954 and the Baghdad Pact in 1955.N
National Finance Commission Award
institutions. Also NFC Award. The formula, set by a commission that Article 160 of Pakistan’s Constitution requires at intervals of no more than five years, for dividing federal tax revenue (the “divisible pool”) between the federal government and the provinces, and then among the provinces. The seventh award, agreed in 2009, raised the provinces’ share to 57.5 percent, and the Eighteenth Amendment bars a later award from reducing a province’s share.Nuclear Suppliers Group
nuclear. Also NSG. A group of 48 nuclear-supplier countries, formed in 1975, that coordinate export controls on nuclear materials, equipment and technology and on related dual-use items through two sets of guidelines, which members apply in their national laws. Its decisions are taken by consensus. A 2008 exemption allows members to trade civil nuclear items with India; Pakistan and India both applied to join in 2016.P
Parliament of Pakistan
institutions. Also Majlis-e-Shoora, National Assembly of Pakistan, Senate of Pakistan. Pakistan’s federal legislature, the Majlis-e-Shoora, which under Article 50 of the 1973 Constitution consists of the President and two houses. The National Assembly is directly elected and chooses the Prime Minister. The Senate gives the provinces equal representation, its members elected by the provincial assemblies, and is a continuing house in which half the members are elected every three years. Money bills originate in the National Assembly.Pressler Amendment
law & sanctions. Also Section 620E(e). A 1985 provision of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (section 620E(e)), named for Senator Larry Pressler, that barred US military and economic assistance to Pakistan unless the President certified each year that Pakistan did not possess a nuclear explosive device. Presidents Reagan and George H. W. Bush certified annually until October 1990, when no certification was made and most aid stopped. In 1995 the restriction was narrowed to military assistance.R
Reciprocal tariffs
trade. Also reciprocal tariff, Executive Order 14257. Additional US import duties imposed by President Trump under Executive Order 14257 of 2 April 2025, which cited emergency powers to address large and persistent goods trade deficits: a 10 percent baseline on most imports plus higher rates for countries listed in an annex. Pakistan’s announced rate was 29 percent; a later order in July 2025 set it at 19 percent.Reko Diq
energy & resources. A large copper and gold deposit in Chagai District, Balochistan, among the biggest undeveloped deposits of its kind. After a dispute over its licensing halted the project in 2011, Barrick Gold and the governments of Pakistan and Balochistan agreed in 2022 to reconstitute it, owned 50 percent by Barrick and 50 percent by Pakistani public entities, including Balochistan’s government. Barrick has targeted first production in 2028.S
Saindak
energy & resources. Also Saindak Copper-Gold Project. A copper and gold mine in Chagai District, Balochistan, near the borders with Iran and Afghanistan. Developed in the 1990s by the state-owned Saindak Metals Limited, it has been run since the early 2000s by the Metallurgical Corporation of China under a lease from Pakistan’s federal government, which was extended for five more years in 2023. How its revenue is shared with Balochistan is a recurring point of debate.Section 508
law & sanctions. Also Section 7008, coup restriction. A recurring provision of US foreign-aid appropriations, long numbered section 508 and later section 7008, that bars most assistance to the government of a country whose duly elected head of government is deposed by a military coup or decree; aid to promote democracy is exempt. It applied to Pakistan after General Pervez Musharraf took power in October 1999, and Congress gave the President authority to waive it for Pakistan after the 2001 attacks.Simla Agreement
diplomacy. Also Shimla Agreement, Simla Pact. The Agreement on Bilateral Relations signed at Simla (Shimla) on 2 July 1972 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto after the 1971 war. The two countries undertook to settle differences “by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations or by any other peaceful means mutually agreed upon”, and to respect the Line of Control resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971.Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
security. Also SEATO, Manila Pact. A collective-defence organisation created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, signed in Manila on 8 September 1954 by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan. Built to resist communist expansion in Southeast Asia, it had no standing forces of its own. Pakistan, which had hoped it would help in disputes with India, later withdrew, and the organisation was dissolved on 30 June 1977.Special Investment Facilitation Council
institutions. Also SIFC. A Pakistani body set up in June 2023 as a “single window” to attract and fast-track domestic and foreign investment in priority sectors: agriculture, mining and minerals, information technology, energy and defence production. Chaired by the Prime Minister, it brings together federal ministers, provincial chief ministers and the army chief, giving the military a formal seat in economic decision-making.Stand-By Arrangement
aid & finance. Also SBA. The IMF’s main lending instrument, in use since 1952, for countries with short-term balance-of-payments needs. Money is disbursed in instalments as the borrower meets agreed policy conditions, normally over 12 to 24 months and never more than 36, and is repaid within 3¼ to 5 years. Pakistan’s most recent, a nine-month SBA of about $3 billion, was approved on 12 July 2023.State Bank of Pakistan
institutions. Also SBP. Pakistan’s central bank, which began operating in July 1948 and is governed by the State Bank of Pakistan Act 1956. Its primary objective is domestic price stability. It sets monetary policy and the policy interest rate, sets and carries out exchange-rate policy, holds and manages the country’s foreign-exchange reserves, issues the currency and supervises banks. A 2022 amendment to its Act strengthened its autonomy.Symington Amendment
law & sanctions. A provision of US foreign-assistance law, named for Senator Stuart Symington and in effect from 1977, that bars most economic and military aid to a country outside the NPT that delivers or receives uranium-enrichment equipment, materials or technology without international safeguards. In April 1979 the Carter administration suspended aid to Pakistan under it because of the Kahuta enrichment plant. Congress later authorised a waiver for Pakistan as aid resumed in the 1980s.T
TAPI gas pipeline
energy & resources. Also TAPI, Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India pipeline. A proposed 1,814-kilometre pipeline to carry natural gas from Turkmenistan’s Galkynysh field through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India, developed with the Asian Development Bank as transaction adviser. It was designed to carry about 33 billion cubic metres a year. Work began in Turkmenistan in the 2010s, but progress on the Afghan and Pakistani sections has been slow because of security, financing and political obstacles.Tashkent Declaration
diplomacy. The declaration signed in Tashkent, then in the Soviet Union, on 10 January 1966 by Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan, with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin as mediator, after the 1965 war. Both sides agreed to withdraw their forces to the positions held before 5 August 1965, restore normal diplomatic relations and settle disputes by peaceful means. It left the Kashmir question unresolved.Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan
security. Also TTP, Pakistani Taliban, Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan. A militant alliance formed in 2007 in Pakistan’s tribal areas to oppose Pakistani military operations there. It has carried out many attacks on Pakistani security forces and civilians and claimed responsibility for the attempted Times Square bombing in New York in 2010. The United States designated it a Foreign Terrorist Organization in 2010. It is separate from, though allied with, the Afghan Taliban.Torkham
geography. Also Torkham border crossing. The main border crossing between Pakistan and Afghanistan, at the western end of the Khyber Pass, linking Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province with Afghanistan’s Nangarhar province on the road between Peshawar and Jalalabad. It carries much of the two countries’ trade and transit cargo and was a main route for supplies to US and NATO forces in Afghanistan. Pakistan has closed it at times during disputes and clashes.Trade and Investment Framework Agreement
trade. Also TIFA. An agreement the United States and Pakistan signed on 25 June 2003, setting out shared principles for trade and investment and creating a joint council to address barriers between them. It is not a free-trade agreement and does not change tariffs. The TIFA Council, which meets periodically between the US Trade Representative’s office and Pakistan’s government, is the main standing forum for bilateral trade talks.Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
nuclear. Also NPT, Non-Proliferation Treaty. The treaty opened for signature in 1968 and in force since 1970, under which the five nuclear-weapon states undertake not to help others acquire nuclear weapons, non-nuclear-weapon states undertake not to acquire them and to accept IAEA safeguards, and all parties commit to pursue disarmament and may share peaceful nuclear technology. Pakistan, like India and Israel, has never joined it, which shapes the US nonproliferation laws applied to Pakistan.U
UN Security Council resolutions on Kashmir
diplomacy. Also Resolution 47, UNSC Resolution 47. Resolutions the UN Security Council adopted from 1948 on what it called the India–Pakistan question. Resolution 47 of 21 April 1948 recommended steps in sequence: withdrawal of tribesmen and Pakistani nationals who had entered to fight, reduction of Indian forces to the minimum needed for order, and a plebiscite under a UN-nominated administrator. The plebiscite was never held. Pakistan says the resolutions remain the basis for a settlement; India holds that the issue is bilateral.US International Development Finance Corporation
aid & finance. Also DFC, Development Finance Corporation. The US government’s development finance institution, created by the BUILD Act of 2018 by merging the Overseas Private Investment Corporation with USAID’s Development Credit Authority, and operating since December 2019. It supports private investment in lower-income countries through direct loans, loan guarantees, equity investments, political-risk insurance and technical assistance.US–Pakistan Strategic Dialogue
diplomacy. Also Strategic Dialogue. A structured series of senior talks between the United States and Pakistan, held at ministerial level from 2010, led by the US Secretary of State and Pakistan’s foreign minister or foreign-affairs adviser. Working groups covered economics and finance, energy, defence, law enforcement and counterterrorism, and strategic stability and non-proliferation. Ministerial rounds ran until 2016; narrower dialogues, such as on counterterrorism, have continued.USAID
aid & finance. Also United States Agency for International Development, US Agency for International Development. The US Agency for International Development, created in 1961 to run most US civilian foreign aid. In Pakistan it funded programmes in energy, economic growth, education, health and disaster relief, including much of the assistance under the Kerry–Lugar–Berman Act. After a freeze on foreign aid in early 2025, USAID stopped implementing assistance on 1 July 2025 and the State Department took over the programmes it kept.No terms match your search.
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